Books

• Scholten, M., and J. Haberstroh. 2024. Entscheidungsassistenz und Einwilligungsfähigkeit bei Demenz: Ein Manual für die klinische Praxis und Forschung [Supported decision-making and competence assessment for persons with dementia: A manual for clinical treatment and research]. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. Link
• Scholten, M. 2016. Reminders of Duty: A Kantian Theory of Blame. University of Amsterdam. (Dissertation) Link

Edited books and special issues

• Scholten, M., K. Cratsley, and T. Gergel, eds. Under contract. Mental Health Ethics: Current Controversies and Emerging Debates. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Potthoff, S., C. Hempeler, and M. Scholten, eds. 2023. Research ethics in qualitative health research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. Link
• Human rights and mental health: Current developments in competence assessment and supported decision-making. Frontiers in Psychiatry. (Koordination; in Zusammenarbeit mit Jochen Vollmann, Scott Kim and Penny Weller). Link

Original articles in peer-reviewed journals

• Braun, E., M. Scholten, and J. Vollmann. 2024. “Assisted suicide and the discrimination argument: Can people with mental illness fulfill beneficence- and autonomy-based eligibility criteria?” Bioethics 38 (1): 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.13243. Link
• Gather, J., and M. Scholten. 2024. “Theoretische Grundlagen der klinischen Ethikberatung in der Psychiatrie [Theoretical foundations of clinical ethics consultation in mental healthcare].” Der Nervenarzt 95 (11): 1026-1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-024-01730-5. Link
• Gieselmann, A., J. Gather, M. Schmidt, M. Qubad, J. Vollmann, and M. Scholten. 2024. “Perspectives on advance research directives from individuals with mild cognitive impairment and family members: a qualitative interview study.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1419701. Link
• Hempeler, C., E. Braun, S. Potthoff, J. Gather, and M. Scholten. 2024. “When treatment pressures become coercive: A context-sensitive model of informal coercion in mental healthcare.” The American Journal of Bioethics 24 (12): 74-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2023.2232754. Link
• Hempeler, C., S. Potthoff, M. Scholten, G. Juckel, and J. Gather. 2024. “Strategies to promote treatment compliance: a grounded theory study with relatives of people with a serious mental health condition.” BMC Psychiatry 24 (1): 490. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05907-9. Link
• Hempeler, C., M. Scholten, J. Gather, G. Juckel, and S. Potthoff. 2024. “Treatment pressures and the predicament of family care: A grounded theory study with relatives of people with a serious mental health condition.” Qualitative Health Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323241300042. Link
• Potthoff, S., F. Roth, and M. Scholten. 2024. “Qualitative health research and procedural ethics: An interview study to investigate researchers’ ways of navigating the demands of medical research ethics committees in Germany.” Research Ethics 20 (2): 388-410. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470161231202135. Link
• Potthoff, S., F. Roth, J. Vollmann, and M. Scholten. 2024. “Improving the ethics review of qualitative health research: a comparison of review practices and suggestions for improvement by researchers and members of research ethics committees.” Qualitative Health Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323241293709. Link
• Braun, E., A.-S. Gaillard, J. Vollmann, J. Gather, and M. Scholten. 2023. “Mental health service users’ perspectives on psychiatric advance directives: A systematic review.” Psychiatric Services 74 (4):381-392. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202200003. Link
• Gaillard, A.S., E. Braun, J. Vollmann, J. Gather, and M. Scholten. 2023. “The content of psychiatric advance directives: A systematic review.” Psychiatric Services 74 (1): 44-55. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202200002. Link
• Potthoff, S., C. Hempeler, J. Gather, A. Gieselmann, J. Vollmann, and M. Scholten. 2023. “Research ethics in practice: An analysis of ethical issues encountered in qualitative health research with mental health service users and relatives.” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 26: 517-527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-023-10169-5. Link
• Scholten, Matthé. 2023. “A Kantian quality of will account of excuses.” Inquiry 66 (10): 1701-1727. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020174X.2020.1784784. Link
• Scholten, M., S. Efkemann, M. Faissner, M. Finke, J. Gather, T. Gergel, L. van der Ham, G. Juckel, A. L. van Melle, G. Owen, S. Potthoff, L. A. Stephenson, G. Szmukler, A. Vellinga, J. Vollmann, Y. Voskes, A. Werning, and G. Widdershoven. 2023. “Opportunities and challenges of self-binding directives: A comparison of research with stakeholders in three European countries.” European Psychiatry 66 (1):e48. https//doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2421. Link
• Stephenson, L. A., A. Gieselmann, T. Gergel, G. Owen, J. Gather, and M. Scholten. 2023. “Self-binding directives in psychiatric practice: A systematic review of reasons.” The Lancet Psychiatry 10 (11): 887-895. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(23)00221-3. Link
• van Melle, Laura, Lia van der Ham, Yolande Voskes, Guy Widdershoven, and Matthé Scholten. 2023. “Opportunities and challenges of self-binding directives: An interview study with mental health service users and professionals in the Netherlands.” BMC Medical Ethics 24 (38). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-023-00915-y. Link
• Braun, E., J. Gather, T. Henking, J. Vollmann, and M. Scholten. 2022. “Das Verständnis von “Wohl” im reformierten deutschen Betreuungsrecht. Eine medizinethische Analyse anlässlich der Streichung des Wohlbegriffs aus dem Gesetz [The conception of wellbeing in the reformed German guardianship law: An ethical analysis on the occasion of the omission of the concept of wellbeing from the law].” Ethik in der Medizin 34 (4): 515-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00481-022-00697-8. Link
• Efkemann, S., M. Scholten, R. Bottlender, G. Juckel, and J. Gather. 2022. “The influence of mental health professionals’ attitudes and personality traits on decision-making around coercion: Results from an experimental quantitative survey using case vignettes.” Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 146 (2): 151-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13429. Link
• Gather, J., S.A. Efkemann, T. Henking, M. Scholten, M. Köhne, C. Chrysanthou, K. Hofmann, and G. Juckel. 2022. “Veränderungen in der psychiatrischen Unterbringungspraxis während der COVID-19-Pandemie. Erfahrungen und Einschätzungen von leitenden Psychiater*innen [Changes in the practice of involuntary hospitalization during the COVID-19 pandemic: Experiences and opinions of chief psychiatrists].” Psychiatrische Praxis 49 (4): 180-187. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1406-7265. Link
• Potthoff S., M. Finke, M. Scholten, A. Gieselmann, J. Vollmann, and J. Gather. 2022. “Opportunities and risks of self-binding directives: A qualitative study involving stakeholders and researchers in Germany.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 13: 974132. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.974132. Link
• Potthoff, S., J. Gather, C. Hempeler, A. Gieselmann, and M. Scholten. 2022. “‘Voluntary in quotation marks’: A conceptual model of psychological pressure in mental healthcare based on a grounded theory analysis of interviews with service users.” BMC Psychiatry 22 (1): 186. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-03810-9. Link
• Scholten, M. 2022. “Blaming friends.” Philosophical Studies 179: 1545-1562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-021-01718-w. Link
• Scholten, M. 2022. “Kant is a soft determinist.” European Journal of Philosophy 30 (1): 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejop.12634. Link
• Scholten, M., J. Gather, and J. Vollmann. 2022. “Das kombinierte Modell der Entscheidungsassistenz: Ein Mittel zur ethisch vertretbaren Umsetzung von Artikel 12 der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention in der Psychiatrie[The combined supported decision-making model: A template for an ethically justifiable implementation of Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in mental healthcare].” Der Nervenarzt. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-022-01384-1. Link
• Efkemann, S. A., M. Scholten, R. Bottlender, G. Juckel, and J. Gather. 2021. “A German version of the Staff Attitudes to Coercion Scale. Development and empirical validation.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 11 (1458). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.573240. Link
• Scholten, M. 2021. “Kant’s reply to the consequence argument.” International Journal of Philosophical Studies 29 (2): 135-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/09672559.2020.1851284. Link
• Scholten, M. 2021. “Ought implies can, asymmetrical freedom, and the practical irrelevance of transcendental freedom.” European Journal of Philosophy 29 (1): 25-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejop.12548. Link
• Scholten, M., J. Gather, and J. Vollmann. 2021. “Equality in the informed consent process: Competence to consent, substitute decision-making, and discrimination of persons with mental disorders.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 46 (1): 108-136. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhaa030. Link
• Scholten, M., L. van Melle, and G. Widdershoven. 2021. “Self-binding directives under the new Dutch Law on Compulsory Mental Health Care: An analysis of the legal framework and a proposal for reform.” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 76: 101699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2021.101699. Link
• Wied, T. S., J. Haberstroh, J. Gather, T. Karakaya, F. Oswald, M. Qubad, M. Scholten, J. Vollmann, and J. Pantel. 2021. “Supported decision-making in persons with dementia: Development of an enhanced consent procedure for lumbar puncture.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (2059). http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.780276. Link
• Gather J., G. Juckel, T. Henking, S. A. Efkemann, J. Vollmann, and M. Scholten. 2020. “Under which conditions are changes in the treatment of persons under involuntary commitment justified during the COVID-19 pandemic? An ethical evaluation of current developments in Germany.” International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 73: 101615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101615. Link
• Scholten, M. 2020. “Kantian constructivism and the Reinhold-Sidgwick objection.” European Journal of Philosophy 28 (2): 364-379. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejop.12463. Link
• Stephenson, L. A., T. Gergel, A. Gieselmann, M. Scholten, A. Ruck Keene, L. Rifkin, and G. Owen. 2020. “Advance decision making in bipolar: A systematic review.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 11 (1020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.538107. Link
• Gather, J., M. Scholten, T. Henking, J. Vollmann, and G. Juckel. 2019. “Wodurch wird die geschlossene Tür ersetzt? Konzeptionelle und ethische Überlegungen zu offenen Unterbringungsformen und psychologischem Druck [What replaces the locked door? Conceptual and ethical considerations regarding open door policies, formal coercion, and the use of treatment pressures].” Der Nervenarzt 90 (7): 690-694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-019-0717-3. Link
• Scholten, M., A. Gieselmann, J. Gather, and J. Vollmann. 2019. “Psychiatric advance directives under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Why advance instructions should be able to override current preferences.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 10 (631). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00631. Link
• Haberstroh, J., M. Scholten, T. S. Wied, and A. Gieselmann. 2018. “Forschung bei fraglicher Einwilligungsfähigkeit: ethische Herausforderungen und Entscheidungsassistenz [Research with persons of uncertain competence: Ethical challenges and supported decision-making].” Forschung. Politik – Strategie – Management 2/3: 41-46. Link
• Scholten, M., and J. Gather. 2018. “Adverse consequences of article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities for persons with mental disabilities and an alternative way forward.” Journal of Medical Ethics 44 (4): 226-233. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2017-104414. Link
• Scholten, M., A. Gieselmann, J. Gather, and J. Vollmann. 2018. “Advance research directives in Germany: A proposal for a disclosure standard.” GeroPsych: The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry 31 (2): 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000184. Link
• Scholten, M. 2016. “Schizophrenia and moral responsibility: A Kantian essay.” Philosophia 44 (1): 205-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-015-9685-4. Link

Book chapters and articles in edited volumes

• Hempeler, C., M. Scholten, A. Werning, and J. Gather. Forthcoming. “What is coercion and can its use in mental healthcare be justified? An ethical analysis.” In Violence and Coercion in Mental Health Settings – Causes, Consequences, Management, edited by D. Richter, R. Whittington, N. Hallett and E. Eneje. Berlin: Springer.
• Scholten, M. Forthcoming. “Delusion and moral responsibility.” In The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Delusion, edited by E. Sullivan-Bissett. London: Routledge.
• Scholten, M. Forthcoming. “Mental capacity and supported decision-making.” In Ethics in Psychiatry: European Perspectives, 2nd edition, edited by H. Helmchen, N. Sartorius and J. Gather. Berlin: Springer.
• Scholten, M., C. Boonmann, C. Bublitz, M. Kirschstein, and W. Veling. Forthcoming. “Virtual reality-based treatment and assessment in mental health: an overview of ethical issues.” In Mental Health Ethics: Current Controversies and Emerging Debates, edited by M. Scholten, K. Cratsley and T. Gergel. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Scholten, M., and G. Szmukler. Forthcoming. “Advance directives in mental healthcare: Opportunities and challenges, ethical and practical.” In Human Rights & Wrongs in Psychology and Psychiatry, edited by I. MacLachlan, I. Ebuenyi and B. D. Kelly. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Gather, J., S. Gerritsen, and M. Scholten. 2023. “Anwendung und Reduktion von Zwang im Maßregelvollzug [The use and reduction of coercion in forensic psychiatry].” In Forensische Psychiatrie: Rechtliche, klinische und ethische Aspekte, edited by B. Völlm and B. Schiffer, 595-607. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64465-2_38. Link
• Henking, T., and M. Scholten. 2023. “Respect for the will and preferences of people with mental disorders in German law.” In Capacity, Participation, and Values in Comparative Legal Perspective, edited by C. Kong, J. Coggon, P. Cooper, M. Dunn and A. R. Keene, 203–225. Bristol: Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.51952/9781529224474.ch012. Link
• Gather, J., and M. Scholten. 2022. “Ethisches Spannungsfeld – Patientenselbstbestimmung und professionelle Fürsorge [Ethical conflict – autonomy and beneficence].” In Springer Reference Pflege – Therapie – Gesundheit: Ethik im Gesundheitswesen, edited by A. Riedel, and S. Lehmeyer. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58685-3_48-2. Link
• Scholten, M. 2020. “Why human dignity cannot be the basis of human rights, at least not on Kantian grounds.” In Reason, Normativity and Law: New Essays in Kantian Philosophy, edited by R. Demiray and A. Pinheiro Walla, 147-169. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
• Scholten, M. 2019. “Kant: The evil in all of us.” In The Routledge Handbook on the Philosophy of Evil, edited by S. De Wijze and T. Nys, 109-121. London: Routledge. Link
• Scholten, M. 2018. “Moral worth and moral responsibility.” In Proceedings of the 12th International Kant Congress, edited by V. L. Waibel, M. Ruffing, and D. Wagner, 2165-2172. Berlin: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/110.1515/9783110467888-207. Link
• Scholten, M., and J. Vollmann. 2017. “Patientenselbstbestimmung und Selbstbestimmungsfähigkeit [Patient autonomy and competence to consent].” In Ethik in der Psychiatrie: Ein Praxisbuch, edited by J. Vollmann, 26-34. Köln: Psychiatrie Verlag. Link

Commentaries, perspectives and editorials in peer reviewed journals

• Gather, J., and M. Scholten. 2024. “Aligning the “single law” proposal to the CRPD standard of “will and preferences”.” World Psychiatry 23 (3): 389-391. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21233. Link
• Hempeler, C., E. Braun, M. Faissner, J. Gather, and M. Scholten. 2024. “Preferences of individual mental health service users are essential in determining the least restrictive type of restraint.” AJOB Neuroscience 15 (1): 19-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2023.2292502. Link
• Potthoff, S., C. Hempeler, and M. Scholten. 2023. “Research ethics in qualitative health research.”  International Journal of Qualitative Methods 22: 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231189335. Link
• Scholten, M., S. Efkemann, M. Faissner, M. Finke, J. Gather, T. Gergel, L. van der Ham, G. Juckel, A. L. van Melle, G. Owen, S. Potthoff, L. A. Stephenson, G. Szmukler, A. Vellinga, J. Vollmann, Y. Voskes, A. Werning, and G. Widdershoven. 2023. “Implementation of self-binding directives: Recommendations based on expert consensus and input by stakeholders in three European countries.” World Psychiatry 22 (2): 332-333. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21095. Link
• Braun, E., A.-S. Gaillard, J. Gather, M. Scholten, and A. Gieselmann. 2022. “Psychiatrische Patientenverfügungen in der Praxis [Psychiatric advance directives in clinical practice].” Psychiatrische Pflege Heute 28 (2): 77-81. https://doi.org/ 10.1055/a-1687-7166. Link
• Braun, E., J. Gather, M. Scholten, and J. Vollmann. 2022. “An autonomy-based approach to justifying physician-assisted death: A recent judgment of the German Federal Constitutional Court.” The American Journal of Bioethics 22 (2): 71-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2021.2013979. Link
• Braun, E., J. Gather, J. Vollmann, and M. Scholten. 2022. “Vorsorge in der Psychiatrie: Unterstützung anbieten zur Erstellung psychiatrischer Patientenverfügungen [Advance care planning in psychiatry: Offering support in drafting psychiatric advance directives].” NeuroTransmitter 33 (3): 25-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15016-022-9379-7. Link
• Hempeler, C., J. Gather, and M. Scholten. 2022. “Selbstbestimmung im Rahmen pflegerischer Versorgung: Die Bedeutung von Einwilligungsfähigkeit und Freiwilligkeit [Autonomy in the context of nursing: The meaning of competence and voluntariness].” Psychiatrische Pflege Heute 28 (06): 290-295. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1925-6213. Link
• Scholten, M., A. Werning, and J. Gather. 2022. “Zwang im Voraus planen: Die rechtliche Regelung von Odysseus-Verfügungen in den Niederlanden [Planning involuntary treatment in advance: The legal framework for self-binding directives in The Netherlands].” Psychiatrische Praxis 49 (2): 111-113. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1696-6976. Link
• Braun, E., J. Gather, and M. Scholten. 2021. “Soll die UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention in der psychiatrischen Praxis umgesetzt werden? Eine aktuelle Debatte in Großbritannien [Should the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities be implemented in mental health care? A current debate in the United Kingdom].” Ethik in der Medizin 33 (1): 113-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00481-021-00610-9. Link
• Krämer, D., S. Schulz, J. Haltaufderheide, E. Braun, M. Scholten, and Jochen Vollmann. 2021. “Interaktives Lernen: Ethik Online im Medizinstudium [Interactive leraning: Ethics online in medicine].” Ethik in der Medizin. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00481-021-00647-w. Link
• Scholten, M., E. Braun, J. Gather, and J. Vollmann. 2021. “Combining supported decision-making with competence assessment: A way to protect persons with impaired decision-making capacity against undue influence.” The American Journal of Bioethics 21 (11): 45-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2021.1980133. Link
• Scholten, M., P. J. Weller, S. Y. H. Kim, and J. Vollmann. 2021. “Editorial: Human rights and mental health: Current developments in competence assessment and supported decision-making.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (517). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.682606. Link
• Scholten, M., J. Gather, and J. Vollmann. 2020. “The narrative coherence standard adds either too much, or nothing at all.” AJOB Neuroscience 11 (1): 38-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2019.1704923. Link
• Gieselmann, A., S. Efkemann, and M. Scholten. 2019. “Qualitative research with vulnerable persons: How to ensure that burdens and benefits are proportional and fairly distributed.” Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 14 (5): 479-482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1556264619847322b. Link
• Gieselmann, A., M. Scholten, J. Gather, and J. Vollmann. 2019. “Forschungsvorausverfügungen bei Demenz: Medizinethische Überlegungen zur Aufklärungspflicht [Research advance directives for persons with dementia: Ethical reflections on the diclosure requirement].” Fortschritte der Neurologie Psychiatrie 87 (4): 255-258. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0664-7980. Link
• Scholten, M., and J. Vollmann. 2019. “Research with persons under involuntary commitment: Ethical issues surrounding competence and voluntariness.” Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 14 (5): 475-478. https://doi.org/10.1177/1556264619847322a. Link
• Scholten, M., and J. Vollmann. 2018. “Feelings and desires are not the same as treatment preferences: Why the healthcare decision-making framework applied to adolescents should not be applied to persons in the minimally conscious state.” AJOB Neuroscience 9 (1): 69-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2018.1428239. Link
• Scholten, M. 2013. “Geen verwijt zonder fout: een Kantiaans−Strawsoniaanse visie op morele uitkomsten−verantwoordelijkheid [No blameworthiness without fault: A Kantian-Strawsonian perspective on responsibility for outcomes].” Algemeen Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte 105 (4): 249-253. https://doi.org/10.5117/ANTW2013.4.SCHO. Link

Clinical guidelines

• DGG, DGPPN and DGN. 2020. Einwilligung von Menschen mit Demenz in medizinische Maßnahmen: Interdisziplinäre S2k-Leitlinie für die medizinische Praxis [Informed consent to medical treatment for persons with dementia: Interdisciplinary guideline for clinical practice]. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. Link

Translations of clinical instruments

• Karneboge, J., J. Haberstroh, and M. Scholten. 2024. “German translation of Grisso, T., and P. S. Appelbaum. 1998. MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Treatment (MacCAT-T). Sarasota: Professional Resource Press.” In Entscheidungsassistenz und Einwilligungsfähigkeit bei Demenz: Ein Manual für die klinische Praxis und Forschung [Supported decision-making and competence assessment for persons with dementia: A manual for clinical treatment and research], edited by M. Scholten and J. Haberstroh, 83-99. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
• Karneboge, J., V.-L. Badenhoop, C. Strahlenbach, M. Scholten, and J. Haberstroh. 2024. “German translation of Appelbaum, P. S., and Grisso, T. 2001. MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research (MacCAT-CR). Sarasota: Professional Resource Press.” In Entscheidungsassistenz und Einwilligungsfähigkeit bei Demenz: Ein Manual für die klinische Praxis und Forschung [Supported decision-making and competence assessment for persons with dementia: A manual for clinical treatment and research], edited by M. Scholten and J. Haberstroh, 100-120. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.

Position papers

• Alzheimer Europe. 2020. Legal capacity and decision making: The ethical implications of lack of legal capacity on the lives of people with dementia. Link

Newspaper articles

• Scholten, M. 2020. “Nieuwe ggz-wet tast privésfeer van patiënten ernstig aan [The new Dutch law on compulsory mental healthcare violates service users’ right to privacy].” NRC Handelsblad. 7 February 2020, 18. Available at https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2020/02/06/nieuwe-ggz-wet-tast-privesfeer-van-patienten-ernstig-aan-a3989594. Link

Interviews and podcasts

• “Lucy Stephenson, Astrid Giesellmann, and Matthé Scholten on self-binding directives.” The Lancet Psychiatry in conversation with. 19 October 2023. Link
• “Self-binding directives: the view from Europe – in discussion with Matthé Scholten.” Mental Cacity Law and Policy: In conversation with. 27 July 2023. Link
• “Met Matthé Scholten: Ethiek in de psychiatrie, wilsbekwaamheid en het respecteren van autonomie [Ethics in psychiatry, mental capacity and respect for autonomy: A conversation with Matthé Scholten].” Lijfspraak. 3 Februari 2022. https://open.spotify.com/episode/6dqQD5HULJvdxEi5d47jtg?si=sK3qYdpATceNTA8hPW5-qw. Link

Other public outreach

• Scholten, M. 2021. “Je arm of je leven!? [Your arm or your life!?].” Bij Nader Inzien. Link
• Scholten, M. 2020. “Discriminatie, weet jij veel? [Discrimination, do you know much?].” Bij Nader Inzien. Link
• Scholten, M. 2020. “Vogelvrij in je eigen huis: De nieuwe Wet verplichte geestelijke gezondheidszorg [An outlaw in your own home: The new Dutch Law on Compulsory Mental Healthcare].” Bij Nader Inzien. Link
• Scholten, M. 2018. “Een kleine ode aan P.F. Strawsons Freedom and Resentment [A short tribute to P.F. Strawson’s Freedom and Resentment].” Bij Nader Inzien. Link
• Scholten, M. 2017. “Psychiaters kunnen geweldsdelicten voorkomen – maar tegen welke prijs? [Psychiatrists can prevent violent crime – but what is the price?].” Bij Nader Inzien. Link
• Scholten, M., and J. Gather. 2017. “Conflicting interpretations or conflicting opinions? Being clear about the UN-CRPD.” Journal of Medical Ethics Blog. Link

In the media

• Toschke, L. 2024. “Psychische Erkrankungen: Vorsorgen für den Ernstfall [Mental health conditions: Planing crisis care in advance].” NDR. 27 February 2024. Link
• Ackermann, S. 2024. “Wie funktioniert eine Odysseus-Verfügung? [How do self-binding directives work?].” Psychologie Heute. 13 February 2024. Link
• Schubert-Ankenbauer, J., and G. Bobe. 2024. “Druck in der Psychiatrie [Treatment pressure in psychiatry].” WDR. 26 January 2024.
• Gelitz, C. 2023. “Eine freiwillige Therapie ist nicht immer frei von Zwang [Voluntary treatment is not always free from coercion].” Spektrum der Wissenschaften. 10 December 2023. Link
• “Wissenschaftler empfehlen psychiatrische Patientenverfügungen [Researchers recommend psychiatric advance directives].” 29 September 2023. Aerzteblatt. Link
• Meienreis, S. 2018. “Im Mittelpunkt stehen Wohl und Willen des Patienten: Ein Interview mit Matthé Scholten [The wellbeing and autonomy of service users take center stage: An interview with Matthé Scholten].” In Denkwürdigkeiten eines Nervenkranken. Schauspielhaus Bochum.

Presentations

• Implementing advance directives in mental healthcare: ethical opportunities and challenges. AHD for Mental Health Conference, Dublin, 23 January 2025.
• Einwilligungsfähigkeit und Entscheidungsassistenz in der klinischen Praxis und Forschung [Competence to consent and supported decision-making in clinical practice and research]. German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN) Annual Conference, Berlin, 27-30 November 2024.
• Klinische Ethikberatung in der Psychiatrie: Grundlagen, Modelle und Anwendungsfelder [Clinical ethics consultation in psychiatry: Foundations, models, and fields of application]. German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN) Annual Conference, Berlin, 27-30 November 2024.
• Implementierung von psychiatrischen Vorausverfügungen in der Praxis [Implementation of psychiatric advance directives in clinical practice]. German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN) Annual Conference, Berlin, 27-30 November 2024.
• The combined supported decision-making model: A model for the implementation of CRPD article 12 in medical practice. SAMW Subcommittee on Coercive Measures in Medicine, Bern, 5 September 2024.
• Einwilligungsfähigkeit und Entscheidungsassistenz in der Gerontopsychiatrie. [Capacity to consent and decision assistance in gerontological psychiatry]. Landesarbeitsgemeinschaft Sozialpsychiatrischer Dienste NRW, Jahresfachtagung, Schwerte, 09. November 2023.
• Advance care planning in mental healthcare. Online conference for Approved Social Workers (ASW) and their managers in Northern Ireland, 08 November 2023.
• Advance care planning in mental healthcare. Advance directives in the psychiatric or mental healthcare context, Lithuanian Disability Forum, Online-conference, 13 October 2023.
• Empfehlungen für die Implementierung von Odysseus-Verfügungen aus einer internationalen Perspektive [International recommendations on the implementation of self-binding directives]. German Association for Bipolar Disorders Annual Conference, Bielefeld, 14 -16 September 2023.
• The implications of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities for informed consent to research particiation for people with mental health conditions. Webinar on the ethical conduct of research with people with mental health conditions in Latin America, Pan American Health Organization, 5 September 2023.
• Research ethics in practice: An analysis of ethical issues encountered in a qualitative health research study with mental health service users and relatives. 9^th Qualitative Research in Mental Health Conference (QRMH9), Budapest, 31 August – 2 September 2023.
• Self-binding directives in the Netherlands: Opportunities for improvement based on stakeholder research. National Conference of Medical Directors, Heiloo, 8 June 2023.
• Combining supported decision-making and capacity assessment to promote service user autonomy. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, 7 June 2023.
• Self-binding directives and Mill’s slavery exception: Why we should allow mental health service users to give advance consent to involuntary treatment. OZSW, annual conference, Leiden, 02 – 03 June 2023.
• Menschenrechte in der Medizin [Human rights in medicine]. Studium Generale Lecture Series, University of Düsseldorf, 9 Mai 2023.
• Combining supported decision-making and capacity assessment to promote service user autonomy. COST action FOSTREN Meeting, Ruhr University Bochum, 18-19 April 2023.
• Zwang und Menschenrechte in der Psychiatrie [Coercion and human rights in psychiatry]. Ringvorlesung Medizin und Ethik, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, 9 January 2023.
• Der rechtlicher Rahmen für Odysseus-Verfügungen in den Niederlanden [The legal framework for self-binding directives in the Netherlands]. German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN) Annual Conference, Berlin, 23-26 November 2022.
• Grenzfälle as Herausforderung für das kategoriale Konzept der Einwilligungsfähigkeit [Borderline cases as challenge to the categorical concept of mental capacity]. German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN) Annual Conference, Berlin, 23-26 November 2022.
• Sichtsweisen von Betroffenen, Angehörigen und psychiatrisch Professionellen auf Chancen und Risiken von Odysseus-Verfügungen: Ergebnisse einer quantitativen Umfrage unter den Mitgliedern der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Bipolare Störungen [Perspectives of service users, relatives and professionals on the opportunities and challenges of self-binding directives: Results from a quantitative survey among the members of the German Association for Bipolar Disorders]. German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN) Annual Conference, Berlin, 23-26 November 2022.
• Advance care planning in mental healthcare. Japanese Association for Bioethics Annual Conference, Kwansei Gakuin University, Hyogo, Japan, 19-20 November 2022.
• Advance care planning in mental healthcare. Rethinking Mental Health Care: Inclusion, Access. Respect and Dignity, Vilnius, 8-10 September 2022.
• Whom to test for competence? Diagnostic profiling and statistical discrimination. World Congress of Bioethics, Basel, 20-22 July 2022.
• Clinical decision-making in relation to involuntary treatment in forensic hospitals: Results of a qualitative study in North-Rhine Westfalia, Germany. International Congress on Law and Mental Health, Lyon, 3-8 July 2022.
• Unterstützung statt Bevormundung: Entscheidungsassistenz bei Personen mit eingeschränkter Einwilligungsfähigkeit [Support instead of representation: Supported decision-making in people with impaired decision-making capacity].Ringvorlesung “Aktuelle Probleme der Medizinethik”, University of Münster, 16 May 2022.
• Whom to test for competence? Diagnostic profiling and statistical discrimination. OZSW Annual Conference, online, 3-4 December 2021.
• A conceptual framework for the ethical evaluation of supported decision-making. European Association of Centres of Medical Ethics (EACME) Annual Conference, Cluj-Napoca, 9-11 September 2021.
• Die Umsetzung der UN-BRK in der Psychiatrie: Ethische Chancen und Herausforderungen [The implementation of the UN-CRPD in mental health care: Ethical challenges and opportunities]. Ethical issues surrounding the implementation of the UN-CRPD in mental health care. UPK, USP and UPKE Basel. Online meeting, 1 June 2021.
• Legal capacity and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Scottish Mental Health Law Reform Working Group Capacity and Support for Decision-Making. Online meeting, 3 March 2021.
• Kansen en uitdagingen bij de implementatie van zelfbindingsverklaringen [Opportunities and challenges of self-binding directives]. Arkin metal health care service users council, digital meeting, 10 December 2020.
• Legal capacity, dementia and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Alzheimer Association Academy, online meeting, 1 December 2020.
• Wer bestimmt, was Lebensqualität ist? Konzeptionelle und ethische Überlegungen zum „gesundheitlichen Wohl” bei der Rechtfertigung von Zwangsbehandlungen in der Psychiatrie. [Who is to judge about quality of life? Conceptual and ethical reflections on the concept of wellbeing in relation to the justification of involuntary treatment in psychiatry]. German Academy for Ethics in Medicine Annual Conference. Digital conference, 24-25 September 2020.
• Odysseus-Verfügungen in der Psychiatrie: eine systematische Literaturübersicht [Self-binding directives in psychiatry: A systematic literature review]. German Conference on Advance Care Planning, Köln, 5-6 March 2020.
• Ethische Fragen in der Forschung zu Demenz [Ethical issues in dementia research]. Ethics in ageing research, GRADE Center for Aging Winterschool, Goethe University Frankfurt, 27-28 February 2020.
• Welchen Stellenwert haben psychiatrische Vorausverfügungen vor dem Hintergrund der UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention? [Psychiatric advance directives under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]. German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN) Annual Conference, Berlin, 27-30 November 2019.
• Sind Unterbringungen aufgrund von Eigen- oder Fremdgefährdung ein willkürlicher Freiheitsentzug? [Does involuntary commitment based on a diagnosis of a mental disorder and perceived risk to self or others amount to arbitrary deprivation of liberty?]. German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN) Annual Conference, Berlin, 27-30 November 2019.
• Beurteilung der Einwilligungsfähigkeit von Menschen mit Demenz: Empfehlungen aus der AMWF Leitlinie “Einwilligung von Menschen mit Demenz in medizinische Maßnahmen” [Competence assessment for persons with dementia: Recommendations from the AMWF clinical guideline “Informed consent to medical treatment for persons with dementia”]. German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN) Annual Conference, Berlin, 27-30 November 2019.
• Involuntary commitment based on a diagnosis of a mental disorder and perceived risk to self or others amounts to arbitrary deprivation of liberty. Dutch Research School of Philosophy (OZSW) Annual Conference, University of Amsterdam, 15-16 November 2019.
• What replaces the locked door? Open-door policies and the use of treatment pressures. HIC, ART & Respite House Congress, Dordrecht, 12 November 2019.
• A conceptual framework for evaluating the use of informal coercion and treatment pressures in psychiatry. 11th European Congress on Violence in Clinical Psychiatry, Oslo, 24-26 October 2019.
• What replaces the locked door? Open-door policies and the use of treatment pressures. Workshop on open-door policies in psychiatry, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, 23 October 2019.
• Nachteilige Behandlung aufgrund von Gruppenzugehörigkeit? Selbstbestimmungsfähigkeit, stellvertretende Entscheidungsfindung und Diskriminierung von Menschen mit psychischen Störungen [Disadvantageous treatment based on group membership? Competence to consent, substitute decision-making, and discrimination of persons with mental disorders]. German Academy for Ethics in Medicine Annual Conference, Göttingen, 26-28 September 2019.
• Beurteilung der Einwilligungsfähigkeit von Menschen mit Demenz: Empfehlungen aus der AMWF Leitlinie “Einwilligung von Menschen mit Demenz in medizinische Maßnahmen” [Competence assessment for persons with dementia: Recommendations from the AMWF clinical guideline “Informed consent to medical treatment for persons with dementia”]. German Association for Geriatrics (DGG) Annual Conference, Frankfurt, 5-7 September 2019.
• Forschung mit Menschen mit Demenz: ethische Herausforderungen und praktische Lösungsansätze [Research with persons with dementia: ethical challenges and practical solutions]. Conference on dementia prediction, Bochum, 6 September 2019.
• Mental health law reform and compulsory treatment in The Netherlands. International Congress on Law and Mental Health, Rome, 21-27 July 2019.
• The Bochum SALUS project and a conceptual framework for evaluating informal coercion in psychiatry. International Congress on Law and Mental Health, Rome, 21-27 July 2019.
• Relational accountability without relational obligation: Kantian and utilitarian perspectives. Book Symposium with Jay Wallace ‘The Moral Nexus,’ University of Tilburg, 14 June 2019.10.
• Einschluss von Menschen mit Demenz in klinische Forschung: Ein Entscheidungsbaum [A decision tree for the enrollment of persons with dementia or minor cognitive impairment in clinical research]. Final Conference ENSURE, University of Frankfurt, 6-7 June 2019.
• Equality in the informed consent process and the criteria for coercion in psychiatry. Lecture Series Contemporary Issues in Psychiatric Ethics, Institute of Biomedical Ethics and History of Medicine, University of Zürich, 8 May 2019.
• A decision tree for the enrollment of persons with dementia in clinical research. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 19 March 2019.
• Competence to consent and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. American University, Washington, DC, USA, 26 February 2019.
• Forschungsvorausverfügungen: ein Vorschlag für einen Aufklärungsstandard [Research advance directives: A proposal for a disclosure standard]. German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN) Annual Conference, Berlin, 28 November – 1 December 2018.
• Workshop: Sollen wir Zwang anwenden oder nicht? Ethische Herausforderungen bei der Anwendung von freiheitsentziehenden Maßnahmen in der klinischen Praxis [Should we use coercion or shouldn’t we? Ethical challenges regarding the use of freedom-restricting measures in clinical practice]. Dortmund Nursing Symposium, LWL-Klinik Dortmund, 20 November 2018.
• Einwilligung von Menschen mit Demenz in medizinische Maßnahmen [Informed consent to treatment for persons with dementia]. Ethics working group of the German Society for Palliative Medicine, Göttingen, 16 November 2018.
• Bij nader inzien: preventief opsluiten [Preventive detention at second glance]. Brainwash Festival, Amsterdam, 27 October 2018.
• A conceptual framework for evaluating informal coercion in psychiatry. International Conference on Crisis, Coercion and Intensive Treatment in Psychiatry (CCITP), Rotterdam, 18-19 October 2018.
• Keynote commentary on Astrid Vellinga and Stefan Zonneveld “Recovery, a duty or a virtue?” European Association of Centres of Medical Ethics (EACME) Annual Conference, Amsterdam, 6-8 September 2018.
• Whom to test for competence? Diagnostic profiling and statistical discrimination. European Association of Centres of Medical Ethics (EACME) Annual Conference, Amsterdam, 6-8 September 2018.
• Chancen und Risiken von Entscheidungsassistenz im Bereich der Demenzforschung [Opportunities and risks of supported decision-making in dementia research]. Ethics Workshop, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Witten, 18 May 2018.
• Equality in the informed consent process: Competence to consent, substitute decision-making, and discrimination of persons with mental disabilities. Disability Rights – Future concepts and research from a human rights perspective, Bochum, 5-6 April 2018.
• Chancen und Risiken von Entscheidungsassistenz im Bereich der Demenzforschung [Opportunities and risks of supported decision-making in dementia research]. Interdisciplinary Workshop: Research in Vulnerable Groups in Psychiatry?, Working group “Ethics in Psychiatry” of the Academy for Ethics in Medicine (AEM), Göttingen, 7 February 2018.
• Decision-making capacity and competence to consent to treatment and research. Department of Ethics, Keio University, Tokyo, 12 January 2018.
• Ought implies can, alternate possibilities, and asymmetrical freedom. Department of Ethics, Keio University, Tokyo, 12 January 2018.
• Decision-making capacity and competence to consent to treatment and research. Department of Ethics, Kyoto University, 11 January 2018.
• Decision-making capacity and competence to consent to treatment and research. Center for Biomedical Ethics and Law, University of Tokyo, 5 January 2018.
• Psychiatric risk assessment, involuntary commitment, and discrimination of persons with mental disorders. Values in Psychiatry – An Interdisciplinary Workshop. University Hospital of Psychiatry and Institute of Biomedical Ethics and History of Medicine, University of Zurich, 16-17 November 2017.
• Psychiatric risk assessment, involuntary commitment, and discrimination of persons with mental disorders. 10th European Congress on Violence in Clinical Psychiatry, Dublin, 26-28 October 2017.
• Is the functional approach to competence discriminatory? Decision-making capacity, and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. World Congress of Psychiatry, Berlin, 8-12 October 2017.
• Vorausverfügungen und persönliche Identität am Beispiel Demenz: Können wir für unser zukünftiges Selbst entscheiden? [Advance directives and personal identity: can we decide for our future self?]. Cusanuswerk Annual Meeting, Goslar, 5 October 2017.
• Opportunities and risks of supported decision-making in dementia research: An ethical analysis. Alzheimer Europe Annual Conference, Berlin, 2-4 October 2017.
• Wer sollte auf Selbstbestimmungsfähigkeit geprüft werden? “Diagnostisches Profiling,” statistische Diskriminierung und die UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention [Whom to test for competence? Diagnostic profiling, statistical discrimination, and the UN-CRPD]. Academy for Ethics in Medicine (AEM) Annual Conference, Hannover, 28-30 September 2017.
• Opportunities and risks of supported decision-making in dementia research: An ethical analysis. EACME Annual Conference, Barcelona, 7-9 September 2017.
• Whom to test for competence? Diagnostic profiling and statistical discrimination. Work in Progress Day, OZSW Study Group Philosophy of Responsibility, VU University Amsterdam, 14 July, 2017
• Whom to test for competence? Diagnostic profiling and statistical discrimination. Christian Albrechts University Kiel, 4 July 2017.
• Is the functional approach to competence discriminatory? Competence, decision-making capacity, and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Colloquium Neil Roughley, University of Duisburg-Essen, 18 May 2017.
• Is the functional approach to competence discriminatory? Assessing decision-making capacity under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. OZSW Political Philosophy Meeting, Leiden, 5 April 2017.
• Can we decide for our demented self? Advance directives and personal identity. Study Day Philosophy, University of Leiden, 17 March 2017.
• Assessing decision-making capacity under the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. OZSW Conference Groningen 2016, 9-10 December 2016.
• Ist ein fähigkeitsbasiertes Konzept von Selbstbestimmungsfähigkeit mit der UN-BRK vereinbar? [Is the functional approach to competence compatible with the UN-CRPD?]. LWL Clinic Bochum, 5 October 2016.